Staple crops that will grow just about anywhere

I awoke with a start, imagining for a moment what it would be like if we went to the grocery store for something as simple as bread only to discover the shelves emptied of all supplies and food. Suddenly our small acreage feels that much smaller and though deer do roam downtown, the unlucky four would become overnight a highly prized source of protein.

Our varied seed choices are great, but honestly, we have the luxury of experimenting, of failure, or starting over. What if we depended on every square inch of our garden as those just a few generations back did?

Tubers from a Jerusalem artichoke may be prepared as you would prepare potatoes.

The crop I love to hate, Jerusalem artichoke, so easy to grow, it’s nearly impossible to get rid of, and a great source of iron and carbohydrates. It’s also very appealing, and may be harvested from the ground until the ground freezes.

Jerusalem artichoke is neither from Jerusalem, nor is it an artichoke. It’s in the sunflower family and stores sugars in large, edible tubers that taste like potatoes, and are prepared very much the same way.

What about protein? I’ve never killed an animal and prepared it for food, and many haven’t – it’s a skill also abandoned in favor of the convenience offered by grocery chains. Most grains require acreage and those without will benefit from amaranth, an herb that is entirely edible (the leaves may be prepared as you would prepare spinach), with seeds that make an excellent substitute for protein-rich quinoa or rice.

There are a few varieties of amaranth. Giant amaranth may supply a family with up to 10 pounds of seed off of as many plants. The grains are high in calcium, iron, potassium, zinc and vitamins B and D and may be eaten, popped or ground into flour for bread.

Alongside Jerusalem artichoke, it’s a very attractive plant, so your neighbors, prior to any apocalypse, will still like you, despite having traded your lawn for food.

Other great storage crops should also be considered including potatoes, onions, peas and beans, squash, pumpkins, etc. along with berries and fruit crops will help sustain the hungry family in times of need.

Farmer Girl

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I grew up in a sturdy four square house nestled in the middle of a cherry orchard that spanned every horizon. The only tall trees I knew as a child were the two lone maples that framed the face of the house. Their canopies provided the shade that was my summer fort, where I could gaze into the hallowed depths of those infinite rows.

On the occasion, beautiful children wove their way between trees, while their parents worked, speaking in a language that was foreign and magical, picking cherries, and dropping them into buckets. How I longed to run amongst those children, but so foreign were they, I do believe, I thought them imagined.

Though I wasn’t supposed to wander from the yard, the dwarf trees ripe with red, sparkling cherries, standing in neat, tidy rows, were an irresistible attraction to my four-year-old curiosity. I ran down the rows until I could only barely make out the broad arches of the maple trees, and then back home again.

In May, the planes would come, dipping low from their perch in the sky, blanketing the orchards in a fine mist. On these days, my mother would lift me from where I played in the yard, and take me back into the house. From the front window, I watched the planes disappear over the horizon, listening to their motors rev and whine as they looped and lifted for a return pass. The air tasted strange, but the sight gripped at me and held me to the window.

My mother wandered the house, closing windows and cursing the men in the planes.

Later, before the cancer had settled into my blood, whenever someone asked me my idea of heaven, I explained to them the tidy lines of trees; my idea of heaven was the farm. What a perfect place; the natural pallet painted by the hands of humans and machines. It was the beginning of a life-long love of farming. There has never been a period of time when, like most of us who live in the greater Grand Traverse region, I have not in some way been connected with a farm.

At 26, I saw a photograph of a young woman in the newspaper. She was battling non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a cancer of the blood while running for Cherry Queen. Something in her smile radiated out from the page. I sat with her photo for some time. Behind her, cherry blossoms clouded their branches. There, the neat rows beckoned.

Later that winter, I learned that the young woman had died. I ran a query for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a cancer about which I knew nothing. Lauren had died of diffuse large b-cell lymphoma, an aggressive form of the cancer, dubbed “the pesticide cancer” for its prevalence among agricultural families.

Before long, I was knee-deep in research into the links between the increased incidence of NHL and the use of organochlorines and -phosphates on cherry orchards. I studied DEQ maps of water samples taken in Peninsula Township, where Lauren had grown up, spoke with the Old Mission school that neighbors an active orchard, where the branches of trees overlap the playground, questioned residents, learned of the prevalence of NHL and leukemia among families living on or near the orchards, and suddenly the sweetness of those beautiful, perfect orchards had soured.

Two years later, at 28, with three young children, I began having dreams that I was dying. In each dream, I was on a ship in the Straits of Mackinac. In the dreams, my girls stood on the deck reaching out for me, but I was leaving them. My heart ached as I turned each time and walked into the light afforded by sun filtering through spray forming off the bow.

In a final dream, I looked down upon a body resting in a bed on the second story of a house. The house didn’t have any walls and large, fierce animals were trying to get at the body to eat it. The body was naked, and an intense light emanated from the right armpit. The light was so bright, you couldn’t look directly at it. I fought off the animals, to protect the body, and awoke shaken and crying. That morning, July 19th, 2006, while in the shower, I discovered a large lump within my right armpit. The lump felt dense and smooth and it sickened me to feel it.

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In September, I was diagnosed with diffuse large b-cell lymphoma, the same cancer that had killed Lauren. My treatments began immediately.

Fighting cancer involves the poisoning of the body to destroy the cancer, while managing the extreme side-effects in a simultaneous battle to keep the body alive. Over the winter, I began chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. I met with my darkest fears about dying. I accepted it might happen, but chose instead to focus on my babies. By the time farmers were gearing up to spray their orchards, I was completing my radiation treatments, and feeling a renewed commitment to farming.

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In 2007, we established Healing Tree Farm in response to concerns over the use of chemicals on our food-supply. So began an adventure in farming using the principles of permaculture, a method of farming that mimics natural forest succession, in urban and country settings. Since then, we’ve helped build school gardens, began the first permaculture courses taught at NMC, and have held free workshops to educate and inspire people to question the system and make changes according to the lesson book nature has provided.

Today, divorce has uprooted the farm, but seeds have been planted in three different counties, and we will never stop helping others achieve their goals of growing food without chemicals. This year, Healing Tree hopes to locate land to plant an orchard. This orchard we hope will represent the future of growing methods, using innovative thinking, rather than relying on biocides to solve problems, and growing food that is truly healthful, not only to those who eat what the land provides, but for those who work the soil and live nearby.

It is our hope to heal the old orchards, to restore magic to a place I have loved for as long as I can remember. This is what is meant by our name Healing Tree. In teaching, we are healing, and in healing, we hope to inspire.

Healing Tree: the website

I’ve been brainstorming ideas to make this blog more effective and I’ve decided to build a website around topics discussed on the blog while maintaining the blog as a central forum for discussion and ideas.  The website will offer resources to folks new to permaculture and also those more familiar with the “do no harm” approach to farming, including helpful links and articles written by me and those more familiar with the process.  

Since we’re landless, we’ll be propagating a new kind of garden – with vital seeds of change – online!

Article Submission: The Cankerbird

It’s been a while since my last post. We’ve made the move to North Carolina and are adjusting to a new climate, longer growing season and a whole assortment of new ideas/concepts/issues that go along with such a long-distance transplant. So far, I’ve already been making an effort to walk often all the while observing the diversity of plants, trees, insects, birds and the not-so-diverse layer of red earth beneath my feet. And my latest observation has already lead to an article submission for the local news paper. I thought I’d share it since I mention the farm project (though temporarily suspended).

The Cankerbird: an alternative to pesticides

When I arrived in Charlotte two weeks ago, one of the first things I noticed were the sticky bands surrounding the beautiful older trees around Uptown. It was soon revealed to me that Charlotte has been recently plagued by cankerworm, predecessor to the flying moth and the bands were put in place to try to stop the wingless females from laying their eggs in the upper branches of the trees where their hatchlings could later feast on the plentiful foliage.

I should mention I come from a farming background. Having lived on a conventional farm as a young person, I later researched the probable correlation between the increased incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (a cancer affecting white blood cells) and agricultural practices in Northern Michigan. One year later, I was diagnosed with an aggressive form of lymphoma. Having survived cancer, I began to examine methods of growing fruit without the use of harmful pesticides. I established a small farm project called Healing Tree Farm, employing permaculture practices as a alternative to conventional pest-control and reliance on chemical fertilizers.

Permaculture, meaning permanent agriculture, is a “do no harm” approach to farming. The concept is relatively simple: Replicate a mature forest ecosystem by planting as diverse a population of trees, shrubs and perennials to maintain a healthy, vital and non-human-dependent orchard as possible.

Since the majority of insects (about 90%) are either benign or beneficial, the permaculture orchard welcomes them by planting shrub layers that provide adequate habitat. The other 10% (those we consider pests) are easily defeated/discouraged by predatory insects and birds. And the one thing I’ve noticed about this beautiful city is the diversity of your bird population. Even at the heart of Uptown, you can’t walk a step without hearing a clutter of chirping and melodic song hidden in the shrubs or trees planted along the bustling streets.

This brings me back to those banded trees. The city is now planning to blanket Uptown in a fairly benign organic pesticide. This may help control the problem temporarily, but what I’ve learned working in gardens and orchards is controlling pests with chemicals, while having an immediate and apparent effect, does little to discourage future outbreaks. And while the pesticide is fairly harmless, no pesticide is completely harmless. We’ll be breathing this in or drinking it down in our water at some point, bare in mind.

A pest outbreak usually indicates a major gap in an ecosystem. You rarely see an outbreak of harmful insects in a mature forest; where biodiversity has implemented its own form of checks and balances. And so I propose we look ahead to a method of protecting our trees in the future without the use of pesticides, but by encouraging predatory insects as well as, and especially, birds.

There are there several birds who enjoy a feast of cankerworm: The red-winged blackbird, rose-breasted grosbeak, and sparrows; originally introduced in the United States to battle spring cankerworm. Among these only one bird, the cedar waxwing, often referred to as “Cankerbird,” not only enjoys a feat of cankerworm, but is second to none, according to the Birdzilla.com website, in the area of cleaning up urban pests like cankerworm and tentworm. All but cherry farmers welcome them for their ability to clear out pests in relatively short order.

The cedar waxwing enjoys a habitat that is open, with shrubs and flowering trees (similar to our urban setting). They are commonly found in parks, on farmland or in open woodland. Its primary diet consists of fleshy fruit and insects. In addition to their obvious benefit to the community, the cedar waxwing is a beautiful bird, with distinguishing markings and a unique call.

Each of us in Charlotte can contribute to a solution to our cankerworm problem. We, too, are part of a large system that mimics the natural world. And we too have all experienced the stress a breakdown in one area of this unique system causes on the larger system; whether it be a delay on the light rail, an elevator or escalator malfunctioning, traffic congestion or a simple late lunch. These holes in the complex web of our society have as much impact on us as do similar gaps in the fragile ecosystem trying to find balance among a sea of concrete and steel barriers.

The NC Department of Enviornment and Natural Resources (dfr.state.nc.us) recommends planting Red Cedar Juniper, Black Cherry, and Mountain Ash to attract the cedar waxwing, but adding dried fruit to your feeder will also aid in attracting these beautiful, beneficial wild birds. Let us not take two steps back in attempting to manage future outbreaks of cankerworm by repeated chemical applications, but instead use the method nature intended and has provided for us.

-Samantha Tengelitsch (2-26-08)

Guild Building: Grow with your guilds… (Pt3)

Once we have allowed for ample decomposition and the accumulation of multiple nitrogen/carbon-rich layers of biomass along with a healthy number of lively microbes, planting may begin.  Really, what you plant within your guilds is completely up to you, but there are some general guidelines to consider and you may go as deep into these as you’d like.  Permaculture can be quite the scientific endeavor, but it need not be overly complicated in your first attempt.  Grow and learn with your guilds.

If you’re planting a fruit-centered guild, think of the tree as your centerpiece.  Everything around the tree should compliment the tree.  I don’t mean aesthetically, though it will naturally assume a beautiful pattern all its own, but rather compliment in the sense that those things growing around the tree either work with the tree or do not interfere with the tree during major growth cycles.

Cat mint works to attract beneficial bees and insects; comfrey accumulates nutrients and mines for water from deep within the soil and offers medicinal value to humans; grass-suppressing bulbs act as a deterrent for deer and other scavengers while attracting  beneficials while the tree is blossoming.  One of the most important things these plants share in common is their lack of competition at root level with the fruit-tree.  Another is that they supply a food or medicinal source for humans and none of them require much upkeep other than the occasional watering.

In certain cases, there is a very specific and “magical” relationship between plants.  Blueberry roots feed off of a specific microbe found in the rhizomes of certain members of the Rhododendron family.  Since both of these prefer a lower pH, blueberries and azaleas, for example, may be planted side by side and will establish a harmony all their own over time.

A tree that takes in more nitrogen, might do well with N2-fixing plants such as clover or wild blue indigo.  Our mulberry guilds will contain some of these lovely blue accents to benefit the tree, offer some diversity in the guilds and attract insects.  The mulberry itself is an excellent food source for both birds and humans and will keep birds interested in the mulberries over your apples or cherries.

I’ll suggest some specific plantings in a future installment.  Email/comment with questions.

How to Build a Fruit-centered Guild (Pt2)

Once you have built a healthy layer of topsoil, wait a while (like months) while the materials break down and the heat isn’t so intense as to devour the roots of early-plantings.  Guild-building is a long project for forward-thinkers.  It can be frustrating in that folks who visit our backyard experiment often give us perplexed looks, seeing mostly circular raised beds dotting the landscape.  “Give it a year,” I tell them.

We began our guilds in June, but this week we will begin planting bulbs for spring.  The bulbs sit higher in the soil and won’t be heavily impacted by the heat rising up from the composting manure.  [If you've never stuck your hand in composting manure, (and you probably haven't) it's HOT.   When sifting through manure to remove larger rocks, the rocks would surprise us with their heat.  I dropped one it was so warm.  Like a hot potato (covered in poo).]

I digress…   The bulbs are nice because they’ll give you something to enjoy next spring.  Beautiful large blooms to squelch any unwarranted criticism from family and friends.  AND they double as grass-suppressors, hopefully they’re edible or maybe they deter ground-rodents and deer.  The other important element of a  fruit-centered guild is that whatever you choose to plant, the roots and functions must be considered carefully.

The roots of a fruit tree extend out one and a half times the diameter of the tree.  If you are planting an apple tree, consider the size of the tree once it reaches maturity and adjust your guild-size accordingly (you can always add on later, if necessary).  As mentioned earlier, what to plant within your guild depends a lot on the roots and functions of the plants you wish to include within your guild.  There are many kinds of bulbs available, but which bulbs offer the most functionality within the guild?  Consider:

  • which insects/animals these plants attract or deter
  • whether or not any part of the plant is edible
  • the plant’s vigor and whether or not it will spread
  • pH  requirements
  • the type of root system and where it falls relative to the fruit tree
  • when the plant takes in the most nutrients/water
  • how and where the plant stores nutrients
  • yields and value to humans, medicinal value, environmental impact/value

A dandelion, for example offers a deep taproot that won’t “compete” for nutrients from the tree; it breaks open and oxygenates the soil; it has edible and medicinal roots and leaves and it absorbs a higher level of CO2.  Comfrey also has a deep taproot, enormous medicinal value, and stores a high concentration of nutrients in its leaves, so it can be mulched in place and makes a terrific fertilizer.  Daffodils are grass-suppressors (they keep the grass roots away from our beloved tree roots); they take in the majority of nutrients in the spring (before the tree); and they deter deer and rodents, but attract beneficial insects to our guilds.

These are just some examples.  We’ll talk more about the specific plantings later in our third installment.  For now, start thinking about roots and plant functions.  Think about the sort of things you would like to grow and research their various functions.  Also consider nearby trees.  Some trees, like the black walnut, are allopathic to neighboring trees and will deter healthy growth.

Keep in mind, I’m not an expert in permaculture, I’m a student.  There’s a lot to learn and as the old adage goes, if you’re not killing some of your plants, you’re probably not learning anything new.

In healing we may teach others and in teaching, we may heal.   

How to Build a Fruit-centered Guild (Pt1)

To build a guild think soil, roots, and results.  A mature ecosystem has a rich layer of biomass that has accumulated over many, many years.  In order to replicate, create your own layer of rich topsoil using a good combination of nitrogen and carbon rich materials.  Hay, fresh manure, and grass clippings work well for the nitrogen layers and straw, newspaper or carboard, and compost work well for the carbon layer.

Start by cutting the grass.  Leave the clippings to mulch in place and cover these with a thin layer of newsprint.  Atop the newsprint, pile four inches of fresh(ish) manure.  I pile the hay (not straw) directly over the manure in another thick eight-inch to a foot layer and then cover these with a thicker-than-before layer of newsprint.  Straw works well over the top to seal in moisture.  The creates a weed barrier and holds in moisture and allows time for your grass-suppressing bulbs to get rooted before the paper biodegrades.

Next… How to plant a guild…

Ordering Fruit Trees

After a phone call with Sandy Rennie of Rennie Orchards in Williamsburg, MI, we decided to simplify our tree order so we might order closer to home and in one order instead of three or more.  It is difficult to find a supplier who is willing to sell under 25 trees in a single order.  Most nurseries will only sell huge quantities to commercial growers, but if you are diligent, you are sure to find most varieties online somewhere.

The next dilemma is finding a root stock appropriate for your soil, the desired height, approximate yield, and resistance to specific diseases.  And in this most nurseries serving the backyard orchardist limit choices to the vigorous root stock or those that require the tree be staked for life.

As I am still learning about root stocks, I will save a more formal discussion of such for later.  For now, I’ve included our order:

  • 3 Ulsters (Mahaleb)
  • 2 Emperor Francis (Mahaleb)
  • 1 Balaton (Mahaleb)
  • 2 Gale Gala (M-9/EMLA 111 Interstem)
  • (All of the above are 1/2 diameter)
  • 2 Honeycrisp on EMLA 111 shipping 7/16 in.

All of these are being shipped from Adams County Nursery, Inc. in PA.

Mulberry Guilds and more

I’m working this morning on building the mulberry guild(s). We picked up some manure yesterday, but in the heat and without the tractor, we ended up with a very small load mostly made up of sawdust and ash. I decided to use this for the trees that require less fertility and perhaps some of the strawberry beds, if there’s any left. We’ll return for more manure next week (hopefully in some cooler weather).

In the meantime, we’ve compiled a list of fruit trees on order for fall/spring:

  • Golden Sweet Cherry (1)
  • Rainer Cherry (1)
  • Montmorency Cherry (1)
  • Ulster Cherry (2)
  • Hedelfingen Dark Sweet (1)
  • Gala Apple (2)
  • Honey Crisp (2)
  • Golden Delicious (1)
  • Bartlett Pear (1)
  • Methley Plum (1)
  • Red Mulberry (2)

These varities may be purchased at the websites listed beneath “trees” and “seeds” to the right.  Our bulb order must go out in September for fall planting and the guilds must be ready by the time they arrive. We’ll likely have a bulb party!

Welcome to Healing Tree Farm!